Complete home automation using zigbee - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5669 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 Introduction to Home Automation HOME AUTOMATION What is automation? When you have automatic control on different things and functions atYour home then we can say that you have home automation .This automation can be via aRemote or wired .simply things can be control according to your wish in history differentMethod and techniques are use to implement the home automation.Why people day by day are inclined towards home automation .there are lots of reason behindThis but the main reason is that you dont need to rebuild your home, you dont need to moveThe walls of home, it is easy to implement and without investing lot of money you can install itAt your home .a middle class person can afford the expense of home automation. ItsInstallation is very simple and easy. And a very y less time is required to automate the whole Home with different available products.Home automation gives a facility to user that he can control the things according to his wish inVery easier way .home automation may include different task like home security, auto maticOn/off of lighting, control of sound system and etc .In a home automation a user can control the Things from any place in the home.Also sometime a user himself can implement home automation in his home via differentProducts those are easily available in the market.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Complete home automation using zigbee" essay for you Create order Plus points of home automation There is a reason that why till now most people keep on using home automation facility .theMain reason is that they got much convenience in using home automation .as in modern age aPerson want to do lot of work .also with the lavish style of life people are going to be lazy andThey want much convenience in work of their life .so to get convenience they need homeAutomation in their daily life.Let take an example of first home automation application .the first home automation exampleWas the TV remote control .before this application you have to face lot of difficulties like you?Have to sit near the television to change the channels and to control the volume .also you haveTo wake up at a particular time to turn on your TV set. Now with the help of a single remoteControl you can do all this task easily .how much convenience you can get with a single homeAutomation product .you can observe from the above example.Human desire never comes to an end .so the invention of single remote control was not theUltimate goal .it was the initialization of home automation .different home automation taskWere keep on adding in home automation like heater, washing machine, control of lights, warm your mattress before you enter the room, and automation heating and cooling of yourWashroom water before the few minutes earlier of your wake up alarm. IS IT CONVENIENCE OR NEED? Convenience is not only the reason for home automation .there can be other reason for homeAutomation like NEED of using home automation .there can different need .one need may beThe security, it is also convenience but it fall under the category of need .before automation inHome security you have to use different security devices and guards but now with the help ofSimple and cheap home security you can provide home security.MISCILANEOUS BENEFITS Thieves and unknown persons can be monitored via motion sensor and you can get updateFrom the remote position that who is trying to enter to your home .also different door openingAnd locking systems are used at the particular door so that if some unauthorized person triesTo enter the home then a security alarm may be passed to the higher authorities. This alert mayBe send to you via email, mobile text message or a pre recorded call.Also when you come to your home late at night and you feel fear to enter in the dark home .butWith the help of h ome automation you can turn on your home lights when you are near to yourHome via a message or call .the pre assigned light will automatically turn on when you willEnter to your home and you will not feel any any more fear. Also this can be done that when youJust unlock the main door of your home then with this all the lights turn off automatically .itWorks like a mobile profile .At different occasion you switch on different mobile profiles .AsWhen you are in your meeting with boos then you just turn on your silent profile with a singleButton .all other related settings got automatically selected .In similar way with the help ofSingle button, message, email or a call you can get your desired lighting control.Automatic opening and closing of main door of home also fall under the category of need .ifYou dont have this facility then you have to hire a security guard for 24 hours at the door, whoWill open and close the door when your car will give horn .but with the help of simple homeA utomation you can achieve this task .when your car comes in front of main gate, a cameraThere recognize that is this car is allowed to enter the home, if yes then the system there willAutomatically open the door and after you enter the home the door will be automatically close. Safety Safety is another point due to which people use home automation .for example if there is waterIn your home basement due to heavy rain at your home then with the help of homeAutomation you can receive an alert message for excess of water in the basement.Also if the temperature of any particular room or location of your home falls beyond theNormal limits then a high/low temperature alert activated .in case of fire and smoke at anyPlace at the home this home automation application may be very successful and heavy loss canBe avoided.Home automation charge cost but this cost looks no more that the benefits you got from theHome automation .for example you are sleeping and there is fire or high temperature in anyArea of your home then imagine that if you dont get the alert then what happen if youKeep on sleeping .might be possible that you yourself caught in the fire .a person can enjoy theHome safety at a very low cost.Home automation is little bit technical but it is not difficult to impl ement .when you haveDifferent home automated products then you need the methods to implement these products.There different method and techniques for implementation of home automation .one methodMay be superior than the other .there are different methods of home automation .and toMethod of implementation will guide you that how much cost you are required .by using efficientMethods you can save lot of money .before implementing home automation to your home, youMust analyze that which method can be suitable and efficient for you according to your needs, cost, choice and life style.In mostly home automation setup a remote is used .and this remote work only for the systemThat are installed at different home appliances .with the help of this single remote you haveComplete control on the automated applications at your home .with the help of this singleRemote control you can control the lighting system, cooling and heating system, safety system, security system, irrigation controlling and all other related home appliances .this remote canWork from any place in the home without any delay .within seconds you can implement youDesired task.In movies you observe the many home automated things that look different to implement inOur life .but as the technology is advance now so that automation can be applied at home withThe help of gadgets and new technology features of devices. IT IS A PART OF HOME ITEMS Peoples views about home automation are different .some say that it is wastage of money andThere is no need for it but some say that it is a part of your home items .they use to say that it isA part of home like other things in home, like other home appliances .so they dont think it 0asSeparate thing and consider it a need for a complete home .while other think that it is a luxuryAnd there is no much need for it,If you buy new and different things on regular basis then there would the best way that youShould buy or invest your money in different home automated things cause in homeAutomation newer and newer technologies are evolving day by day and there is no limit forHome automation .simply it depends on your pocket that how much you can invest.According to need and convenience of different people there are different levels for homeAutomation .but the basic and necessary home automation must include the following things, that can be different categories for home automation Security Security always remain a big issue in home automation .most of the work have been doneRegarding this .in old home automation system there were not include the security alarm .youHave to implement security separately .but now security alarm are the built in feature of theHome automation .old security alarms turn on when someone break the window glass or try toCross the wall or try to unlock the door .when security alarm turn on then the thief haveEnough time to escape .before you reach there the thief had run away.Now with the help of built in and automatic alarm you dont need to search for the thief in yourHome .you can just press the alert button if you feel any fear .then if there would be thief inPart of your home then the lights of that place will automatically turn on and if the thief wouldBe in the room or inside the home then the main door will automatically locked so that heCouldnt ran .according to police that a good lighting arrangement can help in protection ofHome from th iefs .in your home where you want to turn on or off light automatically you justNeed to install a module there and your desired task can be easily achieved.Mostly people install home automation system for money safety and high alert alarms areInstalled near the money safe .but modern home automation system not only consider themoney safety but also the human safety .In fact the safety is much important than the moneyAnd your property .with the help of home automation you can insure the safety and security ofYou and your whole family .with the help of single button you can easily do this. CONVENIENCE As this is the age of technology .everyone is enjoying the benefits of modern technology .soWhy you will not want? By using the home automation you can enjoy the muchConvenience. Your complete home control is in a single remote control .and with this singleRemote you can control every automated thing at your home .you dont need to do much hardWork .in fact with the latest technology people are going to be lazy .and also you yourself wantTo be relaxing.You daily waste much or your time in on/off you home and street lights, waste time in checkingThe locks of all doors before you sleep .you have to be alerted regarding gas and electricHeater. You cant get the second chance for leakage of gas .in this entire how much you have to beAttentive and alert .a sharp memory and hard work is required for this .but with the help ofSingle remote you can save lot of mind work and avoid lot of hard work .if everything would beAutomated then just imagine how it would be relaxing and enjoying. And ever yone likes to use that single remote.Also it looks very attractive and pleasant to have home automation at your home .every guestMay impress with the unique and advance features of home automation that you have installedAt your home .complete home is in your hand via a single remote control .you can do everyThing with the help of this remote like turn on/off light, your TV, sound system and safety andSecurity system.In previous home automation system compatibility was the major issue .but now a device isCompatible with lot of other devices .so you have great flexibility.Home automation can improve your life style and standard .after having the completeKnowledge through about home automation, you should buy the home automation devices soThat you could enjoy the automation according to your wish and desire.Now there are lot off companies in the market that provide home automation and home safety.you just needs to call the vendor and they will install the home automation at your home . firstlyYou have to analyze that where you need home automation at your home then install and thenCall for company.You are the best person who can think that where you need automation at your home. EXTRA COMFORT In this modern age people are adopting different technologies for relax and comfort. They useTo buy different products as they want to make their life simple and much easier .due to thisReason they are also inclined to install home automation system at their homes. It is the homeAutomation due to which they have complete control on every electronic device at their home.as there is many electronic devices at your home like air conditioner, heater, and cooler, microwave oven, sound system, etc .every one want to control all these electronics devicesWith as much easiness as he can.Home automation provides you the height of easiness and comfort .for example if you busy inWatching your TV program .let suppose that you are watching cricket match and you dont wantTo be disturbed and you forgot to switch off the other room lights .then with the help ofWireless home automation you can easily do this .now modern home automation system haveTouch screen instead of remote control.Also exciting fe ature of home automation is that now days you can do automation remotely.it is not necessary that you must be present at the home .if you are at your office and you wantTo turn on/off your home lights then you can do it with help of internet or simply with the helpOf your small touch phone .you just need to access the your home automation control consoleVia a website then you can do what you want to do .with this facility you can make setting ofEverything before you reach the home .for example you can play song of your own choice, make setting of light according to your wish and need, get your air conditioner on so that whenYou reach home; your room will automatically cool.In fact you are virtually present at your home .now you dont have to pay lot off for forgettingThings .and you can avoid lot of losses.You can watch and observe every person at your home with the help of cameras that are linkedWith internet .you just excess this facility by just surfing the website .with the help of thisFeature you can enjoy the completely safety from the outsiders and thief.Today the home automation system is very good, comfortable and reliable .these cant beEasily trapped by anyone .previously this was a main drawback of the home automationSystems EASY TO IMPLEMENT Home automation system is very easy and there is not difficulties in implementing this .it can be Implement with very less cost and no extra loss for its installation is required. SAVING OF ENERGY By using home automation you can save lot of energy .if you use automatic control of lights in Your home then you can easily turn off light in the morning via a simple remote control or simply You can configure that these lights should be turn on for a specific duration .and your home Automation system will automatically switch on or off the lights according to the given schedule. INFRARED TECHNOLOGY As it was discussed earlier that the TV remote was the first home automation application .andInfrared technology was used in it .so infrared technology put the basic for wireless homeAutomation .as this technology is very cheap so it can be easily used by the low budget personsIf there are advantages of using infrared then there are also disadvantages of infrared .one ofIts disadvantage is that it is a very short range and it always require a line of sight connectionFor working .you cant control any infrared application while sitting in the other room.Mostly remote control in the current age have this infrared technology .they are still haveImportance and commonly used in daily life .they are wide use in mobile, laptops and differentElectronics machines like automatic bar reader and different scanner at big departmentalStores.You can easily turn on/off a single light with infrared but what happen when you want to turnOn/off bulk of lights .do you need multiple infrared receivers for each light .as at the any holyOccasion or at marriage ceremony, you want to turn on all the light in the evening and want toTurn off all the light in the morning .how you can do this task with the help of infrared .in factInfrared can do this but this would be more costly .so you need to think advance and try toThink different way to implement task like the above task .so at that time there was a need ofNew technology. In door and out lighting is commonly controlled via remotely .some homeAutomation systems have thermostat facility that can easily achieve the automatic on and offLighting .in home automation system by pressing the single button multiple task can beAccomplished. X10 technology To improve the drawbacks of previous technologies the X10 technology came into the field.This is a very famous technology and their different products are available in the market .thisTechnology was mostly liked by the users. It was very popular technology at it age .let try toKnow what was this technology in actual.X10 is a communication technique that is used by the devices working on X10 technology.these devices implement the task given by the users .you can say that X10 is a language thatDifferent devices can understand .this act as a translator between the different devices thatDont know the same language for working .one feature of it is that it compatible with relatedDevices .to implement X10 you dont need to work hard and you dont need to break, cut andMove your home walls .X10 is just work with the electrical outlets and wiring that are alreadyInstalled at your home .you dont need to use hard wire for implementation of X10 .so it is alsoCheap and affordable and can be easily implemented .you just need to buy the X10 elementsThat are easily available in the market .due to its simplicity and affordability it became veryPopular in the world .its communication tool installation is very simple .you just need to installIts transmitter into the outlet in the wall .and similarly you need to install a receiver at theOutlet in the wall. Both transmitter and receiver are connected with a device when aTransmitter sends any signal then the device receives the signal and tries to know that what isThis signal in actual .and then pass it to the receiver and the desired task is can be performedEasily .256 different units can be operate with a simple X10 unit .so now you can easily turn on/off your light at wedding or holy gathering easily .a unique operation is performed with aSingle assigned address but a single address can be assigned to two different things so that aSame task can be implemented on the both things or devices .for example you want to turn offYour stre et lights then you can assign the same address to all the streets lights .one plus pointOf X10 is that its all products are compatible with each other there is no compatibility issue.CHAPTER 2:Related Work and Hardware Description 2.1 Literature Review : We discussed some previous techniques used for home automation. There features and drawbacks. 2.1.2 Home Automation using Bluetooth: It is a chip technology enabling us to communicate with a lot of devices. It is a popular way of short range communication. By enhancing this technology we can use it to automate homes. It employs the 2.4Ghz unlicensed band and has data rate up to 720Kbps. Its range is usually 10 meters but can be increased to 100 meter by using higher powered antenna. Its only draw back Is it short range.. ZIGBEE BLUETOOTH RANGE : 100m-1500m RANGE :10m DATA RATE : 20 To 250 kbps DATA RATE : 720Kbps ENERGY : Multi-year battery life ENERGY : Multi-day battery life Table 1: zigbee and bluetooth comparison 2.1.3 Home Automation using GSM: GSM stands for Global system for mobile communication. As it works in cells there are different types of cells. and each cell cover different areas. cell radius depend on antenna gain, power, height. GSM has three types of services.* Tele Services:* Calls, short message service .tele-fax.* Bearer services* asynchronous and synchronous data* Supplementary services* call forwarding ,call barring* usually in home automation we send commands with mobile in form of SMS.The drawbacks of this techniques are service dependent, its possible that because of congestion On the network your might SMS delivered late. Or you get a delayed SMS from home mounted module about the current status of the different household equipment. 2.2 DESIGN ARCHITECHTURE 2.2.1 Command Unit 2.2.2 Control Unit 2.3 COMPONENT SELECTION 2.3.1 Zigbee Module (XBee Pro) We use XBee Pro as a transceiver module because it consumes very low power and has long range and nominal data rate .more information on this module is given in hard ware overview chapter. 2.3.2 Microcontroller (Atmega 16) We use ATMEGA16 because it is a low power and has greater SRAM and EEPROM memory And it can be easily interfaced with zigbee and other components.More information is available in Hardware review chapter. 2.3.3 MAX 232 It is used to convert a signal from TTL logic to RS232 level.It is used to communicate with computer.More detai is given in hardware review chapter. Summary Chapter 3: Hardware and Software Methodlogy 3.1 Using Atmega Timers: 3.1.1Timers with LED The timer code enable the number of led after the time given by the user.In the timer code PORTB is set as an output. The timer counter control register(TCCR1B) is used to set the timerThe clock source with eight prescaler and the normal mode is used in the timer. Timer counter register (TCNT1) is used to initialize the timer.TIMSK is used to enable overflow interrupt and SREG enables the global interrupt.The similar task is also done without timer. 3.1.2 Timers with LEDs ,Push button and Buzzer Figure 3: Timers With Leds ,Push button ,Buzzer In this code we simply USE A push button to enable the timer and used a BUZZER. The buzzer will on with the led but buzzer will off after 500 ms and led remains on. 3.2 LCD INTERFACING WITH ATMEGA 16: The PORTD and PORTB is set as a output. The comand_set function is used to give the necessary instruction to the LCD. The data_set function is used to send data to the LCD through PORTB. The display function is used to latch the data. 3.3 KEYPAD INTERFACING WITH ATMEGA 16: A 4*4 keypad is interfaced with the microcontroller ATMEGA 16 to select the fixed load and variable load and to give the time after which the load has to on. The PORTA is used as you can see in the figure. 3.4 Selection Of A Fixed Load We select a fixed load 2 from keypad. Figure : Selection Of A Fixed Load Load 2 is selected. Now it is on. The status of load 1 is on. The status of load 2 is off. 3.4 Accessing EEPROM In EEPROM_WRITE function the EEPROM is being checked that, either it is being written previously or not. Then the address has passed to EEPROM and after this the data has passed to EEPROM. The EEMWE bit has set to logic one an after this the EEWE bit has set to logic one.[1] 3.5 Using ADC In ADC analog voltage is converted into dc voltage with 10 bit resolution. In ADMUX register of ADC the voltage reference is set, The ADC left adjust result is set to logic zero and channel is selected. In ADCSRA the ADC enabled bit and ADC start conversion bit are set to logic one. When ADC conversion completes bit 4 is set. All the codes are given in the cd.[1] SUMMARY Chapter 4: SOFTWARE OVERVIEW The following software we use in our project* CodeVisionAVR C Compiler* AVR Studio 4 debugger * Proteus Version (6.9) 4.1 Code VisionAVR CodeVisionAVR is the c compiler that is used to program the ATMEL microcontrollers. It is very easy to use. You can develop applications for embedded systems by using it. 4.1.2 Features of CodeVisionAVR The CodeVisionAVR C Compiler has following features:* CodeVisionAVR is compatible with Atmel and AVR Studio Debugger * A new project is created by using it* Compilation of the C Code* Editing of the C Code* It runs on the operating system i.e. Windows,XP,7,VistaIt is the new microcontrollers with high memory. It is the only compiler through which we can programmed the ATMEL microcontrollers. 4.1.3 Creating a new file A new file can be created by clicking on the toolbar button.After this save the file. 4.1.4 Creating a new project Click on the toolbar button . Now click on the No button.Now save the project. 4.1.5 Configuring the project Select the atmega 16 and set it clock 4.0MHz. Choose the application as a program type. Now add the file under the project name. 4.2 AVR Studio 4 4.2.1 Features of AVR Studio 4 For proper controlling the Zigbee modules accurate codes and programming was needed. Wehave divided the our big task into smaller task. By doing so we easily wrote the code anddebugging was easy.AVR Studio 4 is the integrated development Environment (IDE) for developing 8-bit AVR applications in windows 2000/XP?VISTA/7 environments[2 ]The features that AVR Studio provides are supporting run control including source and instruction level stopping and memory,registers,breakpoints and watch variable and allow you to see what your code will do in reality with microcontroller. 4.3 Proteus The Proteus software is used to design the PCB and to do a microprocessor simulations.Its latest version is compatible with windows XP,VISTA,7. 4.3.1 Features of Proteus * 3D Board Visualization* Professional PCB layout module* Basic simulation* 2D Drawing with symbol library SUMMARY CHAPTER5 HARDWARE OVERVIEW ATMEGA 16: Overview: Atmega16 is low-power AVR enhanced RISC Architecturebased CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. By Executing instructions in a single clock cycle it achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz. Features: The ATmega16 has16K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash Program memory which Consists of 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K byte SRAM.It has 32 general purpose I/O lines, 32 General purpose working registers. It has On-chip Debugging support and programming And has three Timer/Counters having Internal and External Interrupts. For serial commun-Ication it has programmable USART .For analog to digital conversion it has 8-channel, 10-bit ADC with optional differential input stage with programmable gain. It has a Wat-Chdog Timer having internal Oscillator and it can be programmed. [1]Pin configuration: Pin descriptions: port A We use Port A to serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.It also serves as an 8-bit bi-Directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used.Port pins can provide internal pull-up Resistors. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will Source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated whena reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.[1] Port B it is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors . The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.[1] Port C It is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors . The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.[1] Port D Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors . The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As I nputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.[1] RESET PIN : It Reset the Input. A low level on this pin will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. AVCC : It is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should always be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. It should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter if the ADC is used.[1] AREF : AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. VCC Digital supply voltage.(Input voltage) GND ground. 5.2 XBEE PRO 5.2.1 Overview The XBee Pro module is designed to support low power,low cost wireless sensor networks.It requires minimal power and provide reliable communication between remote devices. 5.2.2 Features * Long Range: Indoor 100m and Outdoor 1500m.Transmit Power 100 mW(20 dBm)Receiver Sensitivity -100 dBm * Low Power: Tx Current 210 mA @ 3.3VRx Current 80 mA @ 3.3V* Advanced Networking Security Retries and Acknowledgement Self routingDirect Sequence Spread Spectrum * Easy to use No configuration required for out of box RF communicationAT and API command modes for configuring module parametersSmall form factorExtensive command set 5.2.3 Pin Description Some pins can be set as Analog Input, Digital Input, Digital Output, or Analog Output (PWM). The numbers of pins are up to seven channels of analog input, nine channels of digital I/O and two channels of PWM. Pin # Name Direction Description 1 VCC Power supply 2 DOUT Output UART Data Out 3 DIN / CONFIG Input UART Data In 4 DIO12 Either Digital I/O 12 5 RESET Input Module Reset (reset pulse must be at least 200 ns) 6 PWM0 / RSSI Output PWM Output 0 / RX Signal Strength Indicator 7 PWM1 Output PWM Output 1 8 [reserved] Do not connect 9 9 DTR / SLEEP_RQ / DI8 Either Pin Sleep Control Line or Digital I/O 8 10 GND Ground 11 AD4 / DIO4 Either Analog Input 4 or Digital I/O 4 12 12 CTS / DIO7 Either Clear-to-Send Flow Control or Digital I/O 7 13 ON / SLEEP Output Module Status Indicator 14 14 VREF Input Voltage Reference for A/D Inputs 15 Associate / AD5 / DIO5 Either Associated Indicator, Analog Input 5 or Digital I/O 5 16 RTS / AD6 / DIO6 Either Request-to-Send Flow Control, Analog Input 6 or Digital I/O 6 17 AD3 / DIO3 Either Analog Input 3 or Digital I/O 3 18 18 AD2 / DIO2 Either Analog Input 2 or Digital I/O 2 19 19 AD1 / DIO1 Either Analog Input 1 or Digital I/O 1 20 20 AD0 / DIO0 Either Analog Input 0 or Digital I/O 0 Table :XBee Pro pin description[5] 5.3 MAX 232 5.3.1 Overview To do communication with microcontroller/microprocessor sometime one needs to step down the voltage of RS232 to voltage level of 3.3V or 5V.to accomplish this difficult task , a integrated chip is used that is called MAX232 Functionality: As previously stated that RS232 voltage are high and we need to step down that voltage . Its voltage range is -15V for high and +15V for low level .But as our circuitry consist of transistor and microcontroller and their transistor logic level (TTL) voltage range is oV to 5V .In modern TTL logic this voltage range has been reduced to 0V to 3..3V RS232 TTL Logic -15V to -3V +2V to +5V High +3V to +15V 0V to +0.8V Low There is much voltage difference between RS232 signal and TTL circuitry .We cant handle the -15V to -3V, negative RS232 signal with the simple computer logic.To do communication of RS232 the voltage must be reduced .MAX232 can reduce these voltage very easily MAX232 is connected with a simple circuitry that consists that consists of five capacitors and one MAX232 chip .this was the first integrated chip that can reduce the RS232 voltage level to TTL logic with the help of drivers and receivers . A input of 5V or 3.3V is given to it and it gives the desired output voltage (-10V to +10V) that is internally suitable for RS232 .Later on we have different latest versions of MAX232 like MAX232A.A simple circuitry is shown below for this we need low capacity capacitors as we used for MAX232 .There is no big difference between these two versions of MAX232 . MAX232 act as a driver or as a receiver .there are some drawback of MAX232 like it doesnt support serial or parallel conversion .it cant decode the serial communication signal .also it doesnt have the facility of marks and spaces at right time for serial communication . it only done the voltage level conversion .To accomplish the above mentioned task we need to connect an extra circuitry that can do serial To parallel conversion, decode the RS232 signal and can get the information at the right time.This task can be easily done with the help of UART that is available in Atmel microcontroller.The two receiver in MAX232 are used to convert voltage from serial communication to a convert from serial communication to a computer TTL logic .while the two drivers in MAX232 converts the voltage from computer TTL logic to RS232 .It is obvious from the above discussion that only two signals can be handle a single time .Normally two receivers are used for receivers(RX),while two drivers are used for Transmitter (TX).Some pin description information is given as follows 5.3.2 Pin Description Some pin description information is given as follows MAX232 PIN NO MAX232 PIN NAME SIGNAL VOLTAGE DB9 PIN 7 T2OUT RTS RS232 8 8 R2IN CTS RS232 7 9 R2OUT CTS TTL NILL 10 T2IN RTS TTL NILL 11 T1IN TX TTL NILL 12 R1OUT RX TTL NILL 13 R1IN TX RS232 3 14 T1OUT RX RS232 2 15 GND GND 0 5

The Exxon Valdez Left Port - 1425 Words

Looking back on the night of March 24, 1989 when the Exxon Valdez left port, it seemed as though the ship had only lasted as long as it had by running on luck and hope. With the company trying to save money and the crew working on fumes, things were headed down a dark path. One of the wonderful things about being human is our ability to look back on events that have occurred and learn from them. Unfortunately for Exxon, it took a catastrophic accident like this one to show how operations could be improved and how to be better prepared for the unexpected. These events are broken down to shed light on what made the Exxon Valdez accident a mess from port departure to today. Upon leaving any port, large cargo and cruise ships are under control†¦show more content†¦After giving this order, the Captain then handed over control of the ship to his Third Mate, Gregory Cousins. At this time, Cousins was told that upon reaching a certain point he was to have the ship reenter its previous, safer, shipping lane. Prior to reaching this point, Harry Claar was relieved of his duties by fellow Helmsman Robert Kagan, who would be in control of the ship until its ill-fated destiny. For reasons unknown to this day, the order was never followed and the ship never returned to its appropriate shipping lanes and at 12:04 a.m., less than 3 hours after leaving port the Exxon Valdez would run aground on Bligh Reef. As with any major event as soon as the Valdez incident occurred people began to search for an explanation and blame had to be placed on someone. Once the ship had hit ground a call was made to Valdez Vessel Traffic Center and information about the accident began to come to light. At the time of impact, Capt. Hazelwood was not in the wheelhouse overseeing what might be considered one of the more crucial points of any ships journey, navigating the ice filled narrows; he was instead in his bunk sleeping off a night of drinking. According to some sources, on the night of the incident Captain Hazelwood was seen in multiple bars drinking and may have had as many as 6 double shots of vodka at the bars. During questioning after the grounding Hazelwood said that he was not affected by the amount of alcohol he had

Memory and History in Willa Cathers My Antonia free essay sample

Willa Cather’s My Anthonia, in my opinion was not only easy to read but also a thoroughly enjoyable read. It tells the vivid stories of several immigrant families who move to the rural state of Nebraska to start new lives in America. A Bohemian family, by the name of the Shimerdas, is one of the main focal points of the story. The eldest daughter of the Shimerda family is named Antonia. The books narrator, Jim Burden, arrives in the town of Black Hawk, Nebraska, on the same train as the Shimerdas. He is going to live with his grandparents after his parents have passed away. Jim develops very strong feelings for Antonia, feelings which border on a filial bond with a hint of sexual attraction. The reader views Antonias life through that lens. The book itself is divided into five volumes. The volumes are almost paralleled to the stages of Antonias life, right through her marriage and motherhood. However, the third volume, known as, Lena Lingard, focuses more on Jims time at university and his affair with Lena, another childhood friend of his and Antonias. The five books, that make up My Antonia are, ‘‘The Shimerdas’’, which is the largest book of all. It covers all of the time that Jim spends on his grandparent’s farm out on the prairie. ‘’The Hired Girls’’, which is the second largest. ‘’The Hired Girls’’ covers Jims time in town, where he spends time with Anthonia and the other country girls who work in town. In this book, language and descriptions become more sexualised, particularly concerning females in the form of Anthonia and Lena. The aforementioned ‘’Lena Lingard’’ chronicles Jims time at the university, and the period in which he becomes reacquainted with Lena Lingard. ‘The Pioneer Womans Story’’, in this Jim visits the Harlings, and hears about Anthonias run-in and indeed her fateful romance with Larry Donovan. Finally ‘’Cuzaks Boys’’ where Jim goes to visit Antonia and meets her new family, her children and her husband. ‘’Cuzak’s Boys’’ is the shortest book of all. In relation to the question, both history and memory play a major role in each of these five books. When dealing with a question such as this, one must be exceedingly cautious indeed. One must highlight that history and memory are two very different things. History is concrete, history is objective, history aims towards objectivity whereas memory is selective. Thus memory cannot be trusted, the very fact that Burden speaks in first person narrative, cannot be trusted either. Burden is selective in his memorisation. When one is being nostalgic memory is almost always portrayed in a more favorable light than the present. Cliche’s such as, ‘the good aul’ days and ‘rose tinted glasses’ both spring to mind, and in my opinion this is no different in My Anthonia. The prefix ‘My’ in the front of Antonia is very interesting indeed, it has an impact on the Jim Burden we meet in the story, it has an impact on the entire story. If this ‘My’ was omitted from the title, we would have a very different story on our hands. My Antonia is always personal, characters throughout never look back toward departed eras or large-scale historical conditions, but they look back toward their personal circumstances, personal circumstances such as places, people, things, that they remember from their own lives. ’The well-preserved garden, full of flowers and vegetables, assures him that humans, when they die, become a part of something entire, whether it is sun and air, or goodness and knowledge. On reading ‘My Antonia’, Willa Cather in my opinion shows the reader how memory can comfort and terrify, inspire and shock but at the same time haunt. Haunt not only a particular individual, but entire cultures, entire communities, entire nations. Memory and remembrance lays the foundations, the outline and the details of the characters in Cather’s work. My Antonia is perhaps Cather’s most intricate and vivid representation of the processes of memory and how it affects a character, how it affects a story, how it moulds a man. Jim Burden himself needs to be discussed in depth when dealing with such a question as this. It is vital to not that, in order to understand Burden’s past, you must understand his present. We find out in the opening pages of the novel that Jim Burden is a fish out of water, displaced in his own world and out of place in his new world. Loneliness, isolation and emptiness have all followed Jim Burden since he was a child. Burden came from Virginia, the South East coast of the United States. It was one of the most fertile states in all the land, very much like rural Ireland. It too was one of the oldest settled states in the United States, with many of the early American presidents having roots sewed in Virginia. Therefore, we find Jim coming from this to the Western states, where the likes of Iowa and indeed Nebraska, were flat, baron, and undistinguishable farmland. It is well documented that people on the wagon trails went insane from travelling long distances over this plain plateau of land. ‘’There seemed to be nothing to see; no fences, no creeks or trees, no hills or fields. If there was a road, I could not make it out in the faint starlight. There was nothing but land: not a country at all, but the material out of which countries are made’’. Book one, chapter one. There are many examples of isolation peppered throughout the novel, Mr. Shimerdas death hits Antonia hard. Mrs. Burden says in dismay and sadness, Hes left her alone in a hard world. Now that her father has killed himself, Antonia herself truly feels alone. With her complaining and surly mother and brother, Antonia has no one in the family whom she loved as much as she loved her father, no one she can really turn to. We learn that Mr. Shimerda is buried on a corner of the Shimerdas property, where one day two roads will cross in an intersection. Later, an adult Jim finds that there are two roads now crossing each other, Mr.Shimerdas grave is made into an island between the two roads. Even in death, and being laid to rest, the poor man is isolated from others. However, relating back to the empty, barren, bleak Nebraska landscape a landscape that symbolises the larger idea of a human environment, a setting in which each individual person lives and moves. Jim’s relationship with the bland Nebraska landscape is indeed important on its own terms, however it also comes to symbolise a great deal about Jim’s relationship with the people and culture of Nebraska, as well as with his inner self and thoughts. Throughout the novel it is apparent that the landscape mirrors Jim’s feelings, it looks desolate when he is lonely and it also awakens and rouses feelings within him. The landscape becomes the novel’s most concrete symbol of the vanished past. The introduction at the beginning of the novel is hugely important. It is the only time in the Novel where we get a view from the outside in at Jim Burden. We learn from Burden’s friend that he has a romantic disposition. We are told that Burden’s friend rarely sees him in New York. This points arrows towards burden’s escapism from New York, thee essential twentieth century modern city one could say. This shows us that Burden is shunning modernism, escaping the hustle and bustle of his new life. Therefore he likes to spend as much time away as possible. Burden did everything possible to give himself a better life, he graduated from Harvard, and is one of the most powerful and feared lawyers in New York, yet he still is a lawyer for the western railway which further emphasises links to his past. Here we see burden clutching to the past, longing for the past and displaced in his new society and life. He truly is disconnected from the New York lifestyle. His wife is the epitome of the ultra modern, avant-garde individual. We are told she is a very attractive woman who has befriended poets and painters who have advanced ideas but mediocre ability. Pretenders and social butterfly’s on a high tier of falsehood, a tier Burden certainly does not want to stand upon. His wife, we are told also has her own fortune, which shows us that she came from money, where as Burden earned his, not inherited it. A lot of people would think, why does a man who is a powerful lawyer, has a beautiful, impressionable wife, money and a sociable life start idealising this immigrant girl who has led a hard life? As I aforementioned, the key to analysing Burden’s past is, understanding his present. They are two different people, Burden grew up on a small farm in west Nebraska, this woman he married clearly did not. There is an interesting question in all of this however. Does Burden really love Antonia? Or is he just remembering her in a favourable light as he is in a loveless marriage. It is interesting to note that Burden is almost happy when Antonia shuns his kiss, which perhaps points arrows towards the fact that he really doesn’t love her and doesn’t sexually yearn for her. When Burden goes back to see Antonia I truly do feel that he simply remembers her in a favourable light and does not love her, the following passage from the novel highlights this I feel. Antonia lent herself to immemorial human attitudes which we recognize by instinct as universal and true. I had not been mistaken. She was a battered woman now, not a lovely girl; but she still had that something which fires the imagination, could still stop ones breath for a moment by a look or gesture that somehow revealed the meaning in common things. She had only to stand in the orchard, to put her hand on a little cra b tree and look up at the apples, to make you feel the goodness of planting and tending and harvesting at last. All the strong things of her heart came out in her body, that had been so tireless in serving generous emotions It was no wonder that her sons stood tall and straight. She was a rich mine of life, like the founders of early races. Book 5, Chapter 1, page 226-227. In conclusion, My Antonia is indeed a novel of fragmented memories, dislocated memories and disjointed memories. In the closing pages of the novel Burden tells us that ‘’Whatever we had missed, we possessed together the precious, the incommunicable past’’. Memory as I aforementioned cannot always be trusted, whereas history is concrete. I feel Burden saw Antonia as an escape from the unhappy life he was leading, and his memories brought a feeling of relief and quelled the feeling of claustrophobia perhaps. I personally liked how the novel came full circle in a way, with the novel ending on the road to Black Hawk. Perhaps we can look at the novel in a way where if there is any chink in your armour from the past so to speak, it will come back to haunt you.

Mental Illness and Movies free essay sample

To start off, I will define terms associated with my topic: PsychoMedia the combined effect of exploitation movies and biased news reports which stereotype mental health recipients leading to the implied conclusion that all people labeled mentally-ill are violent and deranged, widespread belief the stereotype is argued to be true because it is widely held to be true, prejudicial language negative value or moral judgement is attached to the stereotype, intentional exclusion evidence that would or could disprove the stereotype is hidden or concealed, misleading generalization the evidence is unrepresentative of the population cited as a whole, and emotional appeal the audience is persuaded to agree through emotion, not through logic or facts. Next, I will discuss theories concerning my topic. Two mass communication theories, cultivation theory and social learning theory, are particularly helpful to understanding how the media act as a socializing agent and thus may influence the construction and perpetuation of mental illness stigma. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness and Movies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cultivation theory suggests that heavy exposure to consistent and recurrent messages on television will reiterate, confirm, and nourish values and shape perceptions of social reality to conform to those presented on television (Gerbner et al. 2002, p. 49). According to cultivation theory, Gerbner and his colleagues submit that those who spend more time living in the world of television are more likely to see the real world in terms of the images, values, portrayals, and ideologies that emerge through the lens of television (Gerbner et al. 2002, p. 47). That is, people who watch a lot of television are more likely to express opinions and hold values similar to those represented on television than are people who watch only a little television. For example, years of message analyses indicate that violent crimes occur more frequently on television than they do in the real world, according to FBI statistics; heavy exposure to television cultivates a misconception about crime and law enforcement in general (Gerbner et al. 2002). Applying this theory to mental illness stigma would suggest that people who watch a lot of television would assume a television world view of mental illness. Similarly, according to social learning theory (Bandura 1986), learning can be achieved through not only direct experience but also through observation. Individuals can learn a great deal about the world through what they see and hear, particularly through media sources (Bandura 2002). Bandura (2002) would submit that as people watch television they acquire knowledge about behaviors as well as social conventions such as rules of conduct. Furthermore, according to social learning theory, those behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be learned and invoked than those behaviors that are punished or unrewarded. Once again, the nature of the depiction has implications for the lessons learned. Applying this theory to mental illness stigma would suggest that television teaches social conventions of how to treat individuals with mental illness. Together, these two theories work in tandem with each other; cultivation analysis provides descriptions of the recurrent messages that are being vicariously learned via observation (social learning theory). In the absence of real world experience with people with mental illness, ndividuals may rely on the media for their perceptions of those who have mental illnesses (Link and Cullen 1986). Meanwhile, the media tend to consistently link portrayals of people with mental illness and violent behavior to a degree greater than the real world association (Wahl 1992). This recurrent d epiction can lead to learning through media exposure that people with mental illness are dangerous, are to be feared, and should be avoided. Recent research supports this notion, finding that those who watch a lot of television hold more negative views of individuals with mental illness than do those who watch only a little (Granello and Pauley 2000)