Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace

Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace In this project I will discuss in details the applications of engineering materials in Engineering and its many application in the Aerospace and Formula 1. Materials are key in engineering because the correct materials are needed to meet the needed of the environment that they are meant for use in. In aerospace the materials that are generally used are thing such as: titanium, aluminium, carbon fibre. For example titanium and titanium alloys are used in aerospace engine combustion chamber which can be in the region of 2000C in some instances. Application of materials in Formula 1 Formula 1 is a motor racing category in which the cars can reach extremely high straight line speed and cornering speeds. For them to be able to reach to be able to reach such high speeds and operate in such conditions, the cars much be built from extremely light and strong materials such as carbon fibre and titanium. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer is used extensively in high-end automobile racing .The high cost of carbon fiber is mitigated by the materials unsurpassed strength-to-weight ratio, and low weight is essential for high-performance automobile racing. Race-car manufacturers have also developed methods to give carbon fiber pieces strength in a certain direction, making it strong in a load-bearing direction, but weak in directions where little or no load would be placed on the member. Materials such as titanium are also used a lot throughout a formula one engine because of the fact that it is extremely strong and light which allows it the engine to operate at extreme engine speeds such as 20000RPM for a sustained period of time without resulting in engine failure. A material called Inconel is used in the construction of the cars exhaust pipe because of its ability to hold its shape and continue to work as in intended at high temperatures in the region of 900-1000 C . Quite often in formula the rule makers often dictate what materials are permissible in the construction in various parts of the car and what materials are forbidden. This often due to trying to stop the teams from using very expensive materials in the development of the cars, which would send spending sky high. Materials such as beryllium alloys where banned in the use of the construction of the engine as a cost cutting measure. When with the FIA, the regulators of the sport, top teams with big budget s quite easily end up spending in the region of  £250 million a year on the development of the car. The chassis of the car also knows as the monocoque because of how it’s constructed as one piece. The chassis of the car is also sometime referred to as the â€Å"survival cell† because it has been designed to cocoon the driver in the event of crash and protect them from injury. The chassis also has to be very light as well so that it is possible to reach highest possible acceleration which gives the teams a possible advantage over their rivals. Another reason for a strong chassis in grand prix racing is that the chassis is also used as mounting point for the engine and the gearbox. The reason this is done again to save as much weight as possible whilst maximizing the structural integrity of the car. The material that can do all then things is carbon fiber which was first used in formula 1 when a British engineer called John Barnard built the McLaren MP4-1 chassis from carbon fiber. The material should just how strong it when McLaren driver John Watson had a heavy crash at the Italian grand prix at the Monza circuit , and managed to get out without any major injuries. The car did go to win 6 grand Prix because it was significantly ahead of its rivals in terms of the materials used in its construction which gave it huge advantage over the rest of the field considering that this versatile and super strong was introduced in 1983. Limitations and recyclability of the materials used in Formula 1 and that The limitations of many of the materials is that that most of it is very expensive because of the nature of the materials which puts allot of strain on the smaller teams with smaller budgets especially since 60% of the car is constructed from carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is a recyclable material but the problem with it is that the more it is recycled the more of its structural integrity it losses, like plastic, and therefore the quality of it goes down significantly which means that it can only be used for things such as road paving fillers. The metal parts of the car such as the cars such as the car’s engine and internal parts of the gearbox, such as the gear ratio, gear forks and the main shaft, can all be very easily recycled without the loss of the strength or quality of the material. Materials such as titanium and steel alloyed which are used for internal parts of the gearbox and also the engines major castings ( cylinder heads , crankshaft, engine block , camshafts) can be melted down and made back into gear ratio or many other things such as aerospace quality components which are found in aircraft fuselage or deep within the engines. Material applications in the Aerospace Industry Material research, development and application are absolutely vital in the aerospace industry because through the development of materials that planes are flying higher, faster and safer than ever before. Through the use of ultra light and ultra strong materials such as GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy). GLARE is a Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy FML, composed of several very thin layers of metal (usually aluminum) interspersed with layers of glass-fiber pre-peg, bonded together with a matrix such as epoxy. The uni-directional pre-preg layers may be aligned in different directions to suit the predicted stress conditions. Although GLARE is a composite material, [1] its material properties and fabrication are very similar to bulk aluminum metal sheets. It has far less in common with composite structures when it comes to design, manufacture, inspection or maintenance. GLARE parts are constructed and repaired using mostly conventional metal material techniques. With the application of such materials in aerospace, it has allowed engineers to create bigger planes which are also very economical at the same time. the use of fatigue resistant materials such as GLARE and carbon fibre also reduce maintenance of aircraft because they don’t need to be checked for cracks as often as planes which are made from aluminium and aluminium alloys. Which are plane from aluminium are more prone to what is known as â€Å"metal fatigue†. Metal fatigue happens as a result of continuous loading from the years of pressurisation cycles that a plane goes when it increases and decreases in altitude. Many aerospace companies such Rolls Royce have an in-house material science research department which spend millions of pounds in research with the hope that it will lead to better quality materials which will be able to function correctly in extreme environments such within the core of a high bypass turbo fan engine, where the temperatures can be in excess of 2000C. The materials are used for this are usually titanium alloys because of its ability to stay in its original shape. If you look closely at the picture of the turbine blade bellow , it can be observed that many small holes have been very precisely drilled in and this is to aid the cooling of the blade and stop in from melting and ultimately causing an entire engine failure. Another reason why such ultra light materials are used is because, the engineers want to minimize the mass of the components as much as possible because this reduces the inertia of the part and this will result in better response time from the engine ,wh en the pilots engine increase power to the engine. Lighter components also reduce the fuel consumption of and the engine which is especially important considering the fuel prices as they continue to rise. This is something that airlines will pay extra close attention to because they are always looking to minimize their cost to increase their profits, this is especially important at the moment give the current state of the global economy. Materials in aerospace are also select for their ability to be able to absorb tremendous amounts of energy from unlikely event of an engine failure or an uncontrolled explosion of some sort. Aerospace engine manufacture such as Rolls Royce and General Electric also take the extra step of detonating a fan blade to see whether the engines fan case absorb and contain the impact and to stop parts of the engine escaping and causing further impact to the aircraft. Manufacturers often spend as much as $30 million on this test, at there on expense to prove to potential passengers and airline customers that the engine is truly safe and air worthy.

The Museum of Fine Arts: Madonna and Child with Souls in Purgatory Essa

The Museum of Fine Arts (MFAH) in Houston, Texas is a world-renowned institution on 10 acres of land in the Museum District of Houston. Located just minutes from Downtown Houston, it houses permanent collections, traveling exhibits, two art schools, and boasts a sculpture garden and lunch cafà ©. The art is housed in two buildings, museum quality on their own. The Caroline Weiss Law building was designed by famed architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The other, designed by award-winning architect Rafael Moneo, is the Audrey Jones Beck building. They are soon to be joined by a third building currently in the design phase which will house post-1900 art. The exhibits and collections of MFAH are so extensive that it is really not possible to see everything in just one day therefore it is advisable to plan your trip in advance. One of the most interesting collections is the Sarah Campbell Blaffer Foundation’s collection of Baroque and Renaissance Art. These periods, of all those we studied, most interested me. Wonderful works of art are housed in this collection, such as Madonna and Child by Sandro Botticelli, Portrait of a Lady as St. Agnes by Veronese, and The Stigmatization of Saint Francis by Orazio Gentileschi. In this collection I found an excellent example of Baroque Art, painted by Luca Giordano, Madonna and Child with Souls in Purgatory. Painted in 1665, this painting measures approximately 7’ x 5’ and is a classic example of his work and the Baroque period. The Baroque Period The Baroque period generally encompasses the 17th century in Europe coming after the period of Mannerism found in the Late Renaissance. Baroque was originally a derogatory term coined by critics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, per a... ...ordano/biograph.html (accessed April 17, 2012). "Luca Giordano." BackToClasssics.com Virtual Art Gallery. http://www.backtoclassics.com/artist/lucagiordano/ (accessed April 21, 2012). "Luca Giordano (Italian painter) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234025/Luca-Giordano (accessed April 16, 2012). Pioch. Nicolas. "Baroque." WebMuseum. http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/baroque/ (accessed April 18, 2012). Voorhies, James. "Art of the 17th and 18th Centuries in Naples." Heilbrum Timeline of Art History. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/npls/hd_npls.htm (October 2003) (accessed April 18, 2012). Williamson, George, and Kevin P. Thomas, Transcriber. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Luca Giordano." NEW ADVENT: Home. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06564b.htm (accessed April 20, 2012).

A Comparison and Contrast between Three Worlds of Bali and The Power of Art

The Three Worlds of Bali and The Power of Art are two very different manifestations of the artists’ roles and goal in pursuing art itself. In a nutshell, the artists in the Three Worlds of Bali are pursuing art for religious and cultural reasons. They dance, wayang theater (or the puppet show in English) and Gamelan music were all done to please the gods.This is to bless them and for the balance among the upper world, the watery underworld and the middle earth will be maintained. On the other hand, The Power of Art manifests that artists like Mark Rothko are driven to pursue art to stand up for their political and social beliefs, ergo self expression.Therefore it is very clear that the two are driven by their culture. As Bali, a part of Indonesia which can be found in the Southeast region of Asia, is anchored greatly into religion and religious practices, a great amount of practically everything that men do are for the gods.Their religion have a determining impact on their liv es and existence which only goes to show that art is not a hobby or a interest that they do for their own delight; it is instead an instrument to communicate with the gods, a sort of sacrifice for the gods to listen to their prayers and yield to their requests.Mark Rothko is a Russian born painter who later moved to the United States where he garnered a name for himself as one of the most important people in the Art Industry. Rothko is a very common example of a person who came from the West.Unlike the Balinese artists who perform for a greater power, the likes of Mark Rothko pursue art, in his case, paint because of his socio – political leanings. Self – expression is a very rampant and saleable theme in the Western world.The more bold, the more daring and the more innovative the artists is, the more controversy he generates and the more that people are intrigued. Mark Rothko used art to express himself, to make the whole world hear, by looking into his paintings, wha t he believes in and what he thinks the world is about.Contrary to the driving force of the Balinese artists, we could say that Rothko is more self-serving, although it does not follow that he does not have any regards for the society that he lives in. The fact is, he cares so much about his society that he is not indifferent. Which is why he resorts to using art as a form to express himself and his ideas?However, the Three Worlds of Bali presented a political paradigm through Eka Dasa Rudra. This is a very important ritual to the people of Bali because this is done once every hundredth year (this can be similar but not equal to the Jubilee Year in the Catholic Church) and all inhabitants of the island participate.This aims to transform the 11 demons to beneficial spirits. The Eka Dasa Rudra of 1963 made a volcanic eruption upon the call for President Sukarno to step down from power. The eruption was thought to be the call of the spirits and demon.

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